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This paper employs a variety of sources to analyze overall trends in the PLA's military diplomacy from approximately 2003 to the end of 2016, and it compares trends during the Hu Jintao era to trends since Xi Jinping became chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) in November 2012.1 It uses data collected from a range of primary sources, including Chinese and English articles from PLA Daily (????)
The PLA also created a separate PLA Army (PLAA) Headquarters, renamed the PLA Second Artillery Force as the PLA Rocket Force and upgraded it from an in-dependent branch to a full service, and created five Theater Commands from the previous seven Military Regions.8 The 2016 reorganization also placed the office with primary responsibility for coordinating PLA foreign relations (the Ministry of National Defense-Foreign Affairs Office) under the direct supervision of the CMC and renamed it the CMC Office of International Mili-tary Cooperation, possibly reflecting Xi Jinping's heightened emphasis on military diplomacy.9 This paper covers events that occurred before and after the reorganization.
Xi Jinping cited several goals for Chinese military diplomacy in a January 2015 speech to the All-Military Diplomatic Work Con-ference (????????)
Xi Jinping's signature foreign policy contribution is the Belt and Road initiative; PLA interactions with militaries in Europe, Africa, Central Asia, and South Asia reinforce this effort.22
Have these patterns changed since Xi Jinping became CMC chairman in late 2012?
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